![]() Cech discovered that RNA can operate like a protein. But ideas about what RNA is and what it can do have greatly expanded since the 1980s, when biologists Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Scientists consider RNA's central dogma activities central to the molecule's definition. Two other RNA species complete the process: Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids specified by mRNA to the ribosomes, while ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which makes up the bulk of a ribosome, links the amino acids together. ![]() Ribosomes "read" mRNA sequences to determine the order in which protein subunits (amino acids) should join a growing protein molecule. ![]() So, DNA serves as a template to transcribe an RNA molecule, which mirrors the DNA sequence - encoding a record of it.Ī type of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA) uses this copying function to ferry genetic data from DNA to the ribosomes, the protein-producing components of the cell, according to the University of Massachusetts. Bases link up only with "complementary" partners: C to G and A to U in RNA (or A to T in the case of DNA). This works because the bases on one RNA or DNA string can stick to bases on another string, but only in a very specific way. Related: How to speak genetics: A glossaryīut RNA and DNA can do more than just encode "letter" sequences they can also copy them. The four bases make up the molecules' alphabets, and as such, are denoted as letters: A for adenine, G for guanine and so forth. RNA and DNA each have a set of four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine for DNA, with uracil swapping in for thymine in RNA. The nucleobases attached to the sugars constitute the sequence information needed to build proteins, as described by the National Human Genome Research Institute. ![]() Sugars from different nucleotide units hook up via phosphate bridges to create the repeating polymer of an RNA or DNA molecule - like a necklace made of sugar beads linked together by phosphate strings. Each nucleotide has three major parts: a sugar molecule, a phosphate group and a cyclic compound called a nucleobase, or base. ![]()
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